Computer-aided software engineering

Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) is the scientific application of a set of tools and methods to a software system which is meant to result in high-quality, defect-free, and maintainable software products.[1] It also refers to methods for the development of information systems together with automated tools that can be used in the software development process.[2]

Contents

Overview

The term "computer-aided software engineering" (CASE) can refer to the software used for the automated development of systems software, i.e., computer code. The CASE functions include analysis, design, and programming. CASE tools automate methods for designing, documenting, and producing structured computer code in the desired programming language.

CASE software supports the software process activities such as requirement engineering, design, program development and testing. Therefore, CASE tools include design editors, data dictionaries, compilers, debuggers, system building tools, etc.

CASE also refers to the methods dedicated to an engineering discipline for the development of information system using automated tools.

CASE is mainly used for the development of quality software which will perform effectively.

History

The ISDOS project at the University of Michigan initiated a great deal of interest in the whole concept of using computer systems to help analysts in the very difficult process of analysing requirements and developing systems. Several papers by Daniel Teichroew fired a whole generation of enthusiasts with the potential of automated systems development. His PSL/PSA tool was a CASE tool although it predated the term. His insights into the power of meta-meta-models was inspiring, particularly to a former student, Dr. Hasan Sayani, currently Professor, Program Director at University of Maryland University College.

Another major thread emerged as a logical extension to the DBMS directory. By extending the range of meta-data held, the attributes of an application could be held within a dictionary and used at runtime. This "active dictionary" became the precursor to the more modern "model driven execution" (MDE) capability. However, the active dictionary did not provide a graphical representation of any of the meta-data. It was the linking of the concept of a dictionary holding analysts' meta-data, as derived from the use of an integrated set of techniques, together with the graphical representation of such data that gave rise to the earlier versions of I-CASE.

The term CASE was originally coined by software company Nastec Corporation of Southfield, Michigan in 1982 with their original integrated graphics and text editor GraphiText, which also was the first microcomputer-based system to use hyperlinks to cross-reference text strings in documents—an early forerunner of today's web page link. GraphiText's successor product, DesignAid, was the first microprocessor-based tool to logically and semantically evaluate software and system design diagrams and build a data dictionary.

Under the direction of Albert F. Case, Jr. vice president for product management and consulting, and Vaughn Frick, director of product management, the DesignAid product suite was expanded to support analysis of a wide range of structured analysis and design methodologies, notably Ed Yourdon and Tom DeMarco, Chris Gane & Trish Sarson, Ward-Mellor (real-time) SA/SD and Warnier-Orr (data driven).

The next entrant into the market was Excelerator from Index Technology in Cambridge, Mass. While DesignAid ran on Convergent Technologies and later Burroughs Ngen networked microcomputers, Index launched Excelerator on the IBM PC/AT platform. While, at the time of launch, and for several years, the IBM platform did not support networking or a centralized database as did the Convergent Technologies or Burroughs machines, the allure of IBM was strong, and Excelerator came to prominence. Hot on the heels of Excelerator were a rash of offerings from companies such as Knowledgeware (James Martin, Fran Tarkenton and Don Addington), Texas Instrument's IEF and Accenture's FOUNDATION toolset (METHOD/1, DESIGN/1, INSTALL/1, FCP).

CASE tools were at their peak in the early 1990s. At the time IBM had proposed AD/Cycle, which was an alliance of software vendors centered around IBM's Software repository using IBM DB2 in mainframe and OS/2:

The application development tools can be from several sources: from IBM, from vendors, and from the customers themselves. IBM has entered into relationships with Bachman Information Systems, Index Technology Corporation, and Knowledgeware, Inc. wherein selected products from these vendors will be marketed through an IBM complementary marketing program to provide offerings that will help to achieve complete life-cycle coverage.[3]

With the decline of the mainframe, AD/Cycle and the Big CASE tools died off, opening the market for the mainstream CASE tools of today. Nearly all of the leaders of the CASE market of the early 1990s ended up being purchased by Computer Associates, including IEW, IEF, ADW, Cayenne, and Learmonth & Burchett Management Systems (LBMS).

Supporting software

Alfonso Fuggetta classified CASE into 3 categories:[4]

  1. Tools support only specific tasks in the software process.
  2. Workbenches support only one or a few activities.
  3. Environments support (a large part of) the software process.

Workbenches and environments are generally built as collections of tools. Tools can therefore be either stand alone products or components of workbenches and environments.

Tools

CASE tools are a class of software that automate many of the activities involved in various life cycle phases. For example, when establishing the functional requirements of a proposed application, prototyping tools can be used to develop graphic models of application screens to assist end users to visualize how an application will look after development. Subsequently, system designers can use automated design tools to transform the prototyped functional requirements into detailed design documents. Programmers can then use automated code generators to convert the design documents into code. Automated tools can be used collectively, as mentioned, or individually. For example, prototyping tools could be used to define application requirements that get passed to design technicians who convert the requirements into detailed designs in a traditional manner using flowcharts and narrative documents, without the assistance of automated design software.[5]

Existing CASE tools can be classified along 4 different dimensions:

  1. Life-cycle support
  2. Integration dimension
  3. Construction dimension
  4. Knowledge-based CASE dimension[6]

Let us take the meaning of these dimensions along with their examples one by one:

Life-Cycle Based CASE Tools

This dimension classifies CASE Tools on the basis of the activities they support in the information systems life cycle. They can be classified as Upper or Lower CASE tools.

Integration dimension

Three main CASE Integration dimensions have been proposed:[7]

  1. CASE Framework
  2. ICASE Tools
  3. Integrated Project Support Environment(IPSE)

Workbenches

Workbenches integrate several CASE tools into one application to support specific software-process activities. Hence they achieve:

CASE workbenches can be further classified into following 8 classes:[4]

  1. Business planning and modeling
  2. Analysis and design
  3. User-interface development
  4. Programming
  5. Verification and validation
  6. Maintenance and reverse engineering
  7. Configuration management
  8. Project management

Environments

An environment is a collection of CASE tools and workbenches that supports the software process. CASE environments are classified based on the focus/basis of integration[4]

  1. Toolkits
  2. Language-centered
  3. Integrated
  4. Fourth generation
  5. Process-centered
Toolkits

Toolkits are loosely integrated collections of products easily extended by aggregating different tools and workbenches. Typically, the support provided by a toolkit is limited to programming, configuration management and project management. And the toolkit itself is environments extended from basic sets of operating system tools, for example, the Unix Programmer's Work Bench and the VMS VAX Set. In addition, toolkits' loose integration requires user to activate tools by explicit invocation or simple control mechanisms. The resulting files are unstructured and could be in different format, therefore the access of file from different tools may require explicit file format conversion. However, since the only constraint for adding a new component is the formats of the files, toolkits can be easily and incrementally extended.[4]

Language-centered

The environment itself is written in the programming language for which it was developed, thus enabling users to reuse, customize and extend the environment. Integration of code in different languages is a major issue for language-centered environments. Lack of process and data integration is also a problem. The strengths of these environments include good level of presentation and control integration. Interlisp, Smalltalk, Rational, and KEE are examples of language-centered environments.[4]

Integrated

These environments achieve presentation integration by providing uniform, consistent, and coherent tool and workbench interfaces. Data integration is achieved through the repository concept: they have a specialized database managing all information produced and accessed in the environment. Examples of integrated environment are IBM AD/Cycle and DEC Cohesion.[4]

Fourth-generation

Fourth-generation environments were the first integrated environments. They are sets of tools and workbenches supporting the development of a specific class of program: electronic data processing and business-oriented applications. In general, they include programming tools, simple configuration management tools, document handling facilities and, sometimes, a code generator to produce code in lower level languages. Informix 4GL, and Focus fall into this category.[4]

Process-centered

Environments in this category focus on process integration with other integration dimensions as starting points. A process-centered environment operates by interpreting a process model created by specialized tools. They usually consist of tools handling two functions:

Examples are East, Enterprise II, Process Wise, Process Weaver, and Arcadia.[4]

Applications

All aspects of the software development life cycle can be supported by software tools, and so the use of tools from across the spectrum can, arguably, be described as CASE; from project management software through tools for business and functional analysis, system design, code storage, compilers, translation tools, test software, and so on.

However, tools that are concerned with analysis and design, and with using design information to create parts (or all) of the software product, are most frequently thought of as CASE tools. CASE applied, for instance, to a database software product, might normally involve:

Risks and associated controls

Common CASE risks and associated controls include:

See also

References

  1. ^ Kuhn, D.L (1989). "Selecting and effectively using a computer aided software engineering tool". Annual Westinghouse computer symposium; 6–7 Nov 1989; Pittsburgh, PA (U.S.); DOE Project.
  2. ^ P. Loucopoulos and V. Karakostas (1995). System Requirements Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
  3. ^ "AD/Cycle strategy and architecture", IBM Systems Journal, Vol 29, NO 2, 1990; p. 172.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Alfonso Fuggetta (December 1993). "A classification of CASE technology". Computer 26 (12): 25–38. doi:10.1109/2.247645. http://www2.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/abs/mags/co/1993/12/rz025abs.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-14. 
  5. ^ a b c d e Software Development Techniques. In: FFIEC InfoBase. Retrieved 26 Oct 2008.
  6. ^ Software Engineering: Tools, Principles and Techniques by Sangeeta Sabharwal, Umesh Publications
  7. ^ Evans R. Rock. Case Analyst Workbenches: A Detailed Product Evaluation. Volume 1, pp. 229–242 by

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